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The emerging fragmented, localized, and autonomous cultures lacked cultural and aesthetic cohesion and are noted for their diversity of material cultures in pottery styles (e.g. The Dark Age of Greece - Google Books Writing in the Linear B script ended particularly due to the redistributive palace economy crashing; there was no longer a need to keep records about commerce. Although evidence mainly has been reconstructed from the study of the different ancient Greek dialects, later legends, and a little recorded history, along with certain archaeological support, it appears that during this long, disturbed era few parts of the former Bronze Age Aegean world did not become involved in folk movements on a significant scale. The Chronology of the Early Iron Age in Greece 4. It might be reasonable to suggest that during the catastrophic collapse of palace civilizations around 1200 b.c., regional kingship disappeared, and power fragmented into myriad district chiefdoms. 4. The power clearly was generalized and binding enough to suppress formal burial rights for the lesser folk. Many were initially established, as in Sparta, via a network of villages, with a governance center being established in a central urban center. (Their presence is known also at the port of Kommos on the southern coast of Crete at this time.) The subjects of the sculpture reflected the turbulent times that Athens had and still faced. B. Impresyonista . The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East. This was a gigantic statue over 12 m high and made of carved ivory for flesh parts and gold (1140 kilos or 44 talents of it) for everything else, all wrapped around a wooden core. Dent: London: Dent, 1980. Historians also point to the widespread availability of edged iron weapons as an exasperating factor. Monumental sculpture and red-figure pottery also developed in Greece, and in Athens, the earliest institutions of democracy were implemented. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This period saw the annexation of much of modern-day Greece by the Persian Empire, as well as its subsequent independence. During the 13th century bc the great palatial centres of the Aegean world came to a violent end. The palace economy of the Aegean Region that had characterized the Late Bronze Age, was replaced, after a hiatus, by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages a period that lasted for more than 400 years. Ipinanganak sa Maynila, natapos ni Aquino ang kaniyang Batsilyer sa Sining na Dalubhasa sa Ekonomiks mula sa Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila noong 1981, at summa sa kaniyang pamilya nang ipatapon ng pamahalaang Marcos ang mga ito sa Estados Unidos.Bumalik siya sa Pilipinas noong 1983 pagkatapos ang pagpaslang sa kaniyang ama at humawak ng ilang mga posisyon sa pribadong sektor. It is notable that these scenes portray the elite and their male retinue as heavily armed at all times. Free adult men born of legitimate citizens were considered citizens with full legal and political rights, including the right to vote, be elected into office, and bear arms, with the obligation to serve in the army during wartime. Greek Dark Age - World History Encyclopedia It is likely that at the dawn of the historical period two or three hundred years later, the main economic resource for each family was the ancestral plot of land of the Oikos, the kleros or allotment; without this, a man could not marry.[16]. How to Color Grey Hair (with Pictures) - wikiHow The cult activity of the community almost certainly also was based in the chief's house and under his supervisiona further source of power to reinforce armed might and stores of food and valuables. In the first part of the following period, the Archaic (seventh century b.c. Often the word could be used as synonymous with king. As a result, many historians argue that Greek tyrants were not considered illegitimate rulers, and cannot be distinguished from any other rulers during the same period. These depicted the Olympian gods fighting the giants (East metopes the most important, as this was the side where the principal temple entrance was), Greeks, probably including Theseus, fighting Amazons (West metopes), the Fall of Troy (North metopes), and Greeks fighting Centaurs, possibly at the wedding of the king of the Lapiths Perithous (South metopes). Ang Pagkakapareho At pagkakaiba ng pag sulong at pag unlad. In the final Archaic century (sixth century b.c. paano mailalarawan ang dark age of greece This symbolizes the economic and political status of the head of the family as a member of the middle or upper citizen class (the hoplite, who had sufficient income to own the heavy equipment required of the citizen foot soldier in a typical Greek city-state). Pag-Usbong at Pag-Unlad NG Mga Klasikal Na Lipunan (GREECE) Ang Kabihasnang Greek - SlideShare 2023 . The temple was unprecedented in both the quantity and quality of architectural sculpture used to decorate it. The 13th- and 12th-century inscriptions and carvings at Karnak and Luxor are the only sources for "Sea Peoples," a term invented by the Egyptians and recorded in boastful accounts of Egyptian military successes. However, thorough written histories, such as those that exist from the Greek classical period, are lacking. Archaeology and the Rise of the Greek State. The 5thcentury BCE was a period of Athenian political hegemony, economic growth, and cultural flourishing that is sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Athens. Most of the information about the period comes from burial sites and the grave goods contained within them. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Ten thousand citizens exercised their power via an assembly (the ekklesia, in Greek), of which they all were a part, that was headed by a council of 500 citizens chosen at random. Catling, "Exports of Attic protogeometric pottery and their identification by non-analytical means". Gresya - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya [15] Most Greeks did not live in isolated farmsteads but in small settlements. )there was a dramatic return to social inclusiveness in cemeteries. Attempts to overthrow existing kingdoms were made as a result of economic and political instability by surrounding people, who were already plagued with famine and hardship. Subsequently, Darius the Great, the Persian ruler, sought to secure his empire from further revolts and interference from the mainland Greeks, and embarked upon a scheme to conquer all of Greece. por | Jun 3, 2022 | journey to the savage planet moist vestibule | emma chambers face surgery | Jun 3, 2022 | journey to the savage planet moist vestibule | emma chambers face surgery the Age of the Heroes (a legendary era essentially rooted in memories of the Minoan-Mycenaean Bronze Age) and their own historic era is that they did not envisage this Dark Age at all. 6.3: The Greek Dark Ages, Classical Greece, and the Rise of Athens is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. The Protogeometric style of pottery was stylistically simpler than earlier designs, characterized by lines and curves. This conflict between order and chaos was symbolized in particular by the sculptures on the metopes running around the exterior of the temple, 32 along the long sides and 14 on each of the short. in Greece). [19] Sometimes called "the heroon", this long narrow building, 50 metres by 10 metres, or about 150 feet by 30 feet, contained two burial shafts. As often with this kind of application, the model fails to account for the ways in which elite-peasant dependency arises and is kept from being severed. If your toner is packaged in a bottle, squeeze it into a bowl first. (46), The Homeric Question concerns the doubts and consequent debate over the identity of Homer, the author of theIliadand theOdyssey; it also questions the historicity of the two books. The Greek Dark Ages. See alsoThe Minoan World (vol. With the empires funds, military dominance, and its political fortunes as guided by statesman and orator Pericles, Athens produced some of the most influential and enduring cultural artifacts of Western tradition, during what became known as the Golden Age of Athenian democracy, or the Age of Pericles. The Delian League continued the campaign against the Persians for the next three decades. ." Despite this, no single explanation fits all available archaeological evidence in explaining the fall of the Mycenaean culture. The Assembly of the People was the first organ of democracy in Athens. (48). However, the Persians were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, putting a halt to Dariuss plan until his death in 486 BCE. Historians believe this period was violent, sudden, and culturally disruptive. LET Review - 1. Dulog pampanitikan na nagbibigay diing | Facebook The Lefkandi chief would have been associated with a much larger support population than the communal cemetery indicates, and one can see the impressive type of residence from which the community was kept under elite sway. Modyul 2: ANG DAIGDIG SA KLASIKAL AT TRANSISYUNAL NA PANAHON Aralin 1: Nasusuri ang kabihasnang Minoan at Mycenean. Both Athens and Argos, for example, coalesced into single settlements near the end of that century. Celts were a people who inhabited western and central Europe during the pre-Roman Iron Age (first millennium b.c.). Many scholars agree that regardless of who authored Homers works, it is highly likely that the poems attributed to him were part of a generations-old oral tradition, with many scholars believing the works to be transcribed sometime in the 6thcentury BCE or earlier. Human and animal figures are found in sculpture of the late Geometric period, often in either a funerary contex, Language, Linguistics, and Literary Terms, dark often used figuratively to mean unenlightened or ominous. migration was followed by the Dark Agestwo centuries of chaotic movements of tribes in Greeceat the end of which (c. 900 bce) the distribution of the Greek mainland among the various tribes was on the whole completed. By the time Homer wrote down a particular version of the two great cycles linked to the Trojan War (c. 700 b.c., at the emergence of written history), many generations of accretions and deletions are known to have occurred. The latter generally occurred, however, in times of denser homeland populations and elaborate state organization, so that it seems more appropriate to try to account for the Dark Age migrations in their own unique period context. Much of modern Western politics, artistic and scientific thought, literature, and philosophy derives from this period of Greek history. Kapag nag-browse ka sa Dark mode o Madilim na tema sa Chrome, didilim ang iyong homepage, toolbar, mga setting, at ilan pang page. Greek Dark Ages Facts & Culture | When was the Greek Dark Age In Odysseus's absence during the Trojan War and then on his wanderings around the Mediterranean, a group of other nobles insolently encamp in his palace, hoping to marry the abandoned wife, perhaps already a widow, and squandering Odysseus's resources. From 1050, many small local iron industries appeared, and by 900, almost all weapons in grave goods were made of iron. Taskmasters. The aristocrats, who were rather more reliant on a gang of armed followers and their own aggressiveness to claim power over a dependent peasantry, nonetheless were keen to bolster supposed ties to legendary Mycenaean heroes. The world of the legendary leaders, associated with major palace centers, such as Thebes or Mycenae, certainly is portrayed in its final phase as riven by warfare, assassination, and internal migrations. Ang Sinaunang Gresya ang kabihasnang Griyego na kabilang sa isang panahon ng kasaysayan ng Gresya na tumagal ng mga isang libong taon mula ika-8 siglo BCE hanggang ika-6 siglo BCE hanggang sa wakas ng antikwidad(ca. Mag-browse sa Dark mode o Madilim na tema the Bronze Age palace civilization of Aegean Greece went down in flames. The conflict began when Cyrus the Great conquered the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia in 547 BCE. Naihahambing ang kultura ng Athens at Sparta (pamumuhay, eduksyon, lipunan at pamhalaan) 3. 333378. Society During the Greek Dark Ages. [6] The population of Greece declined. the Bronze Age palace civilization of Aegean Greece went down in flames. Thucydides, the great ancient historian of the 5th century bce, wrote a sketch of Greek history from the Trojan War to his own day, in which. Paano inilalarawan ang Dark Age of Greece? Snodgrass's use of the statistics of Dark Age cemeteriestheir number and sizeseemed convincing hard data to argue for tiny, dispersed communities appropriate to such limited achievements. The Greco-Persian Wars, also referred to as the Persian Wars, were a series of conflicts that began in 499 BCE and lasted until 449 BCE, between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states. Up to 90% of small sites in the Peloponnese were abandoned, suggesting major depopulation. One way to convince people that one's family was in direct descent from Bronze Age heroes would be to identify an elite burial of that era and commence to make offerings to one's supposed ancestors in its precincts. Moreover, a warlike elite society sees a virtue in aggression and feuding to enhance status and control over land and people, so that an imbalance of military capability in their favor would have tended to stimulate these larger polities to undertake territorial expansion over lesser polities in their vicinity. The Etruscans benefited from the innovation: Old Italic variants spread throughout Italy from the 8th century. Kilala rin ito bilang reader-response theory. Thinner sections of hair will look most natural. Athens at Sparta Ang Gresya (Ingles: Greece), opisyal na Republikang Helenika (Griyego: , Ellinik Dimokrata; tingnan din Talaan ng mga tradisyunal na mga Griyegong lugar), ay isang bansa sa katimugang Europa sa dulo ng Balkans.. Ang Gresya ay matatagpuan sa pagitan ng Europa, Asia, at Aprika. Athenian democracy was a system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills. Naging mahalaga ang papel ng "papacy" o ang tungkulin, panahon ng panunungkulan at kapangyrihang panrelihiyon ng Papa bilang pinuno ng simbahang Katoliko. In ages past, they served as heads of the Athenian state, but in the Age of Pericles they lost much of their influence and power, though they still presided over tribunals. Summarizing a plausible scenario on what remains circumstantial evidence, one might suggest that violent attacks on the Mycenaean state centers by internal forceswith or without assistance from maritime armies of raiders such as the Sea Peoplescaused their definitive removal. "Greeks Bearing Arms." Citizens of other poleis who chose to reside in a different polis possessed full rights in their place of origin, but had no political rights in their new place of residence. 27 Apr. (46), The Archaic period saw significant urbanization and the development of the concept of thepolisas it was used in classical Greece. ." paano mailalarawan ang dark age of greecesan juan airport restaurants hours. effingham county obituaries. When the tyrant of Miletus embarked on an unsuccessful expedition to conquer the island of Naxos with Persian support, however, a rebellion was incited throughout Hellenic Asia Minor against the Persians. Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. Historians do have access to rich archaeological evidence from this period, however, that informs our understanding of Greek life during the Archaic period. Greek Dark Ages | Western Civilization - Lumen Learning . In City andCountry in the Ancient World. Athens, Argos, Thebes, and Knossos are four striking examples. It was this corpus of reforms that would allow the emergence of a wider democracy in the 460s and 450s BCE. The administration of the Athenian state was managed by a group of people referred to as magistrates, who were submitted to rigorous public control and chosen by lot. Territory was a less helpful means of thinking about the shape of a polis than regions of shared religious and political associations. There is evidence that the temple was built to measure in order to accommodate the chryselephantine statue of Athena by Pheidias. (One common version of the earliest Greek temple plans of the eighth through seventh centuries b.c. In the Archaic period, the Greek wordtyrannosdid not have the negative connotations it had later in the classical period. A large coiled snake resided behind the shield. Naihahalintulad ang ugaling Athenians at Spartans sa sariling pamumuhay. The most likely explanation for this multifocality is that a number of chiefs, with their retinues and serfs, settled in one another's vicinity yet kept a perceptible distance and their own cemetery zones. Modyul 04 ang pagsibol ng sibilisasyong griyego - SlideShare You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. The Assembly met in front of the Acropolis and decided on laws and decrees. Moreover, and equally important, the evidence of such elite power over burial privileges is predicated on the survival of at least a district elite society throughout the whole Dark Age period. Notable events from the Dark Ages period include the first Olympics, in 776 BC, and the composition of the Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Concept of a Dark Age 2. It is important to point out that Morris's corrections to Dark Age population estimates fall well short of bringing them up to Mycenaean or Archaic era levels. The foreign countries made a conspiracy in their islands. Morris, Ian. Dwellers of a polis were typically divided into four separate social classes, with an individuals status usually being determined at birth. The claims of Dark Age elites to have descended from the royal families of the Mycenaean Late Bronze Age are probably, with some exceptions, as unlikely as they were strongly emphasized by these local chiefly families. The statue stood on a pedestal measuring 4.09 by 8.04 metres. In the following Early Archaic period, military reform occurred widely in Greece: the cavalry and chariots of the rich became subordinated on the battlefield to massed ranks of heavily armed foot soldiers drawn mostly from the wealthier or "yeoman" peasantry. His invasion was successful and Athens was burned. The Greeks adapted the abjad used to write Phoenician (a Semitic language used by the Phoenicians), notably introducing characters for vowel sounds and thereby creating the first truly alphabetic writing system. (mula sa sinaunang Rome hanggang sa tugatog at pagbagsak ng Imperyong Roman) Naipahahayag ang pagpapahalaga sa mga kontribusyon ng kabihasnang klasikal Book: Humanities: Prehistory to the 15th Century (Lumen), { "06.1:_About_This_Module:_Greek_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.2:_Cycladic_Minoan_and_Mycenaean_Civilization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.3:_The_Greek_Dark_Ages_Classical_Greece_and_the_Rise_of_Athens" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.4:_Greek_Religion_Philosophical_Tradition_and_Sculpture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.5:_The_Hellenistic_Age" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Faculty_Resources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Module_1:_Prehistoric_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Module_2:_Mesopotamia_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Module_3:_Egyptian_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Module_4:_Greek_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Module_5:_Roman_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Module_6:_Roman_and_Christian_Religious_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Module_7:_Byzantine_and_Muslim_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Module_8:_Western_European_Civilization_During_the_Middle_Ages" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Attributions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 6.3: The Greek Dark Ages, Classical Greece, and the Rise of Athens, https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FLumen_Learning%2FBook%253A_Humanities%253A_Prehistory_to_the_15th_Century_(Lumen)%2F06%253A_Module_4%253A_Greek_Culture%2F06.3%253A_The_Greek_Dark_Ages_Classical_Greece_and_the_Rise_of_Athens, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Vol. However, the following year, the Allied Greek states went on the offensive, defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea and ending the invasion of Greece. Prior to the rise of Athens, Sparta, a city-state with a militaristic culture, considered itself the leader of the Greeks, and enforced a hegemony. The Hittite civilization in Anatolia suffered a similar fate, and in the Levant and Egypt armies of seaborne raiders and colonists of apparently diverse backgrounds (the "Sea Peoples") sacked towns and threatened the great power of Pharaonic Egypt, leaving a more permanent mark as founders of Philistine city-states in coastal Palestine. An epic Greek poem set around 1200 b.c. Apply the dye as close to the roots' base as possible. After peace was made with Persia in the 5thcentury BCE, what started as an alliance of independent city-states became an Athenian empire. Step 1: Draw a big circle as a guide for the top half of the African grey parrot's body.First make four small marks to indicate its height and width. in Greece and surrounding lands; probably written in the eighth century b.c. noong 776 BC sa Olympia-isang lungsod-. List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations 1. Life was undoubtedly harsh for the Greeks of the Dark Ages. Lefkandi on the island of Euboea was a prosperous settlement in the Late Bronze Age,[17] possibly to be identified with old Eretria. magbigay ng ideya na pagsisiskap ng mga pinuno na mawakasan ang unang digmaan pang daigdig, Ano ang ikalawang estado nagtaglay ng karapatan tulad ng hindi pag babayad ng buwis? A. first estate B. Maharlika, ano ang tawag sa unang antas na binuo ng mga pari na siyang may hawak sa buhay ng politika at panlipunan ng bansa. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. With the collapse of the palatial centers, no more monumental stone buildings were built, and the practice of wall painting may have ceased. The candidates and their opponents are noted in Fox 2008:51 note 23. On her helmet stood a sphinx and two griffins. It is the first known democracy in the world. The decoration on Greek pottery after about 1100BC lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware and is restricted to simpler, generally geometric styles (1000700BC). The Late Bronze Age collapse, or Age of Calamities, was a transition in the Aegean Region, Eastern Mediterranean, and Southwestern Asia that took place from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Edited by E. Olshausen and H. Sonnabend, pp. At around the same time, the Hittite civilization also suffered serious disruption, with cities from Troy to Gaza being destroyed. The gold parts could also be easily removed if necessary in times of financial necessity. The Archaic period saw developments in Greek politics, economics, international relations, warfare, and culture. This rebellion, known as the Ionian Revolt, lasted until 493 BCE, and drew increasingly more regions throughout Asia Minor into the conflict. Another way was to surround oneself with tales and images of the heroic age with which one wanted to be identified. This privileging remained in force in the subsequent Early to Middle Geometric period, but then, in a critical transformational century leading into the first historic erathe Late Geometric (eighth century b.c. Around this time, large-scale revolts took place in several parts of the eastern Mediterranean. The burial has been dated surprisingly early, to about 1000 b.c.the supposed nadir of Greek culture. 2. The Linear B writing of the Greek language used by Mycenaean bureaucrats ceased, and decorations on Greek pottery after about 1100 BCE lacks the figurative decoration of the Mycenaeans, and was restricted to simpler geometric styles. This article has portrayed typical Dark Age landscapes as thinly settled and has concentrated on often rather short-lived chieftain-focused villages. 2), with a male and female elite burial together with horse graves. [1] Archaeological evidence shows a widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean world at the outset of the period, as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned. It is a conception strongly coloured by our knowledge of the two literate civilisations that preceded and succeeded it: the bureaucratic, palace-centred world of Mycenaean Greece and the chaotic and creative Archaic age of Hellenic civilisation."[25].