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[4] Processing [ edit] Apples are loaded onto a processing belt where they are crushed, pressed, and the juice separated. A case-control study from the UK also did not show a protective effect of apples on risk of developing asthma (58). There are current data suggesting that AP might be linked to reduced risk of several forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Thus, the study of AP is highly relevant and they have important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. Apples and AP 3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. Blanching of apple puree, on the other hand, increased apple juice turbidity by increasing the amount of . (31). Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. The apple extracts and curcumin, but not other phytochemicals, significantly reduced the TNF-induced activation of NF-B by reducing proteasome activity, a known target in regulation of NF-B. This led the investigators to feed a fructose solution to the study participants to mimic the content in 5 apples (64 g fructose). A new report using data from the French branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition trial provided evidence of a link between apple intake and reduced asthma prevalence in a sample of 68,535 adult women, mostly teachers, enrolled in a national health insurance plan (52). Preliminary observations show the potential of a link between AP intake and possible risk reduction for osteoporosis and diabetes, but the work on potential mechanisms needs to be expanded. Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. Colonic microflora metabolize ingested polyphenols. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. It has been proposed that assessment of total oxidant scavenging activity might overcome the inconsistencies observed in other assays. Incubation of these cells with the apple juice extract for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced their growth. Barth et al. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. Recent work in humans has moved toward a greater emphasis on examining mechanisms and biomarkers related to cardiovascular risk, in particular, oxidation and lipid metabolism. There was no statistical association between reduced asthma or asthma severity and any of the flavonoids examined, inferring that compounds other than those studied must be attributed to the observed reduction in risk of asthma. In addition, a synthetic mixture developed to mimic the composition of the natural polyphenolic profile was formulated and tested on cultured HT29 cells. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the apple extract increased the number of apoptotic cells and also appeared to interfere with the cell cycle. Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Example 3.4. In conclusion, the data related to AP and disease risk reduction are provocative and varied. (23) recently reported that PKC activity was reduced by 50% in HT29 cells after 24-h exposure to apple extracts at a relatively high concentration (403 g/mL). Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. It was shown that in maternal groups with progressively greater apple intake ranging from 01/wk to 14/wk to >4/wk, there was a significant and linear reduction in diagnosed asthma as well as reduced reports of ever having wheezed or ever having asthma among the nearly 1200 5-y olds in the study. Parents/caregivers reported apple and apple juice intake and health data of over 2600 children aged 511 y. Thus, it is important to consider the effects of potential breakdown products in the gut in addition to metabolites in the blood (12). Ferulic acid The next list of chemicals in an apple is Ferulic acid, belongs to a group of an organic compound called hydroxycinnamic acid. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. The authors provided a detailed analysis of the association between compound structure and related antioxidant potential using TBARS, autooxidation of methyl linoleate, and scavenging of radicals including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, H2O2, and NO. An extensive analysis of phytochemical metabolites in apple was reported by Cefarelli et al. Adapted with permission from (4). Incubating SW620 cells with an apple extract selected for procyanidins (mainly polymeric molecules) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. A man made a genius ingredient label for popular fruits and revealed why the term 'chemical-free' is meaningless. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. The fruit composition is characterized by the presence of high amounts of physiologically active chemical constituents, such as sugars, organic acids, mineral salts, tannins, vitamins, pectin,. The investigators tested for the ability of apple to protect against DNA damage in cultured lymphocytes isolated after apple exposure and found a significant protective effect at 3 h with a gradual loss of protection 24 h postconsumption. A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). Chemical Resistance of Plastics - Curbell Plastics Dianne A. Hyson, A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Relationship to Human Health, Advances in Nutrition, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2011, Pages 408420, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000513. An estimated 10 million Americans over age 50 y have osteoporosis and another 34 million are at risk (71). The antioxidant mechanisms described in many studies have important implications for a protective effect of AP on not only cancer but also cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, and potentially diabetes. As reviewed by Boyer and Liu (1), there were several reports prior to 2004 demonstrating that AP intake was associated with reduced risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer in cohort and case-control studies. Mechanistically, it is feasible that catechins or other polyphenolic components in AP may be inversely related to the risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly by preserving pancreatic -cell function via reduced oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. However, when these mice received apple juice concentrate diluted in drinking water (0.5%) for 1 mo (equivalent to human consumption of 23 eight-ounce glasses of apple juice/d), there was a significant improvement in cognitive-related performance and reduced prooxidative status compared to controls (59). In this study, we propose a novel method that utilizes hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to non-destructively monitor ApMV-infected apple leaves and predict LCC as a quantitative indicator of disease . Apples increase nitric oxide production by human saliva at the acidic pH of the stomach: a new biological function for polyphenols with a catechol group? There is no detailed breakdown of the relative proportion of apples compared to pears, but the authors noted that in general hard fruits were consumed in greater quantities than all other subgroups of fruit. An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). In Finland, apples and onions are main sources of dietary flavonoids, while in the Netherlands apples rank third behind tea and onions as top sources of flavonoids [14,15]. Approved as a medicinal fruit by the Chinese National Health and Wellness Commission [], hawthorn has higher dietary fiber, pectin, ascorbic acid, minerals, and antioxidant capacity than some common fruits [].Studies have confirmed that hawthorn is rich in amino acids (8 essential amino acids and 3-8 times more amino acids than fruit), protein (17 times . Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. The prevalence of pulmonary disorders, particularly asthma, has been increasing over the past several decades worldwide (50). The highest quartile of intake was > 47 g of apple/d, which approximates one-third of a medium-sized apple. I. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. This review summarizes current clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data and builds upon earlier published reports that apple may reduce the risk of chronic disease by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. The apple extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation and downregulated cell cycle protein expression. Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. PDF Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity It was shown that extensive isomerization, cleavage, and conjugation of the native polyphenolic compounds occurred. Inflammatory markers and insulin resistance were not affected by any dietary components. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. The apple peel extract was among the fruits that showed a significant dose-response reduction in cell proliferation in the HT29 but not the MCF-7 cells, the latter cell type being generally less responsive to extract exposure. (5965) have provided novel data on the potential of apple juice concentrate to modulate processes associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3 ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms. In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). It has also been proposed that dihydrochalcones, particularly phloretin-2-0-glucoside present in relatively high amounts in AP, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the intestinal lumen, therefore potentially reducing postprandial glucose response (68, 69). AP may also have beneficial effects on outcomes related to Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, and gastrointestinal protection from drug injury. Table 1 is an attempt to summarize research studies of the last 10 years which are related, with different degrees, to sweet taste perception in apple. In particular, apple juice concentrate prevents the characteristic decline in acetylcholine associated with aging and oxidative stress (62). Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried) and apple juice. selenium. An extract isolated from a mixture of 4 apple varieties was incubated for 24 h with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells to test the effect of AP on NF-B response to TNF stimulation. The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. I have been fighting the naturalistic fallacy lately and I seem to remember a picture of an apple with a list of compounds which I assumed were naturally occurring - I seem to remember it was a motivational type. Daily administration of the apple extract (~272 mg of phenolics/100 g of apples) for 24 wk resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number and onset of mammary tumors compared to control rats. Although there were observed differences in effectiveness and specificity between each extract preparation, the effective range was comparable to quantities of phytochemicals found in apple juice. Only a few studies have examined AP but preliminary observations suggest that AP may have a positive impact on markers related to bone health. The reduction in NF-B activity observed in these studies aligns with the suppression of cell proliferation by AP reported in many investigations. A recent study in hamsters evaluated the effects of adding daily apples and apple juice (pressed from fresh apples) to an atherogenic diet on lipids, oxidative markers, and early aortic lesions (47). Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. In general, AP are among the top 3 or 4 dietary sources of total phenolics consumed in America and worldwide (79). Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). What is the chemical composition for apple? - Quora a compact disc. Apples were identified as the only flavonoid-rich food that might be protective. Increasingly protective effects were observed in rats fed extract doses equivalent to 1, 3, or 6 apples/d with reductions in tumor incidence of 17, 39, and 44%, respectively. TheOutcast06 3 yr. ago. There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. Review of 93 intervention studies. The authors estimated that the amount of procyanidin ingested would be comparable to humans consuming 2 apples/d (410 mg procyanidin/kg bodyweight). These findings were consistent with prior data showing reduced coronary mortality in elderly Dutch men (6584 y) who consumed apples (average 69 g/d) compared to men who had little or no apple intake (35). Peri L, Pietraforte D, Scorza G, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Minetti M. Supported in part by the United States Apple Association and the Apple Products Research and Education Council. Chemical Properties of Anthocyanins in Black Foods The basic C6-C3-C6 anthocyanin structure is the combination of anthocyanidins (aglycones) linking with sugars, which can be separated into anthocyanidin sugar-free aglycones and anthocyanin glycosides depending on structure [10]. I. Fecal fermentation resulted in a degradation of 99.9% of the parent polyphenols except for complex structures. Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: Updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Cloudy apple juice decreases DNA damage, hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in the distal colon of DMH-initiated rats, Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Chemopreventive properties of apple procyanidins on human colon cancer-derived metastatic SW620 cells and in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Polyphenolic apple juice extracts and their major constituents reduce oxidative damage in human colon cell lines, Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels, Potentiation of apple procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527 in human colon cancer-derived metastatic cells, Apple polyphenols affect protein kinase C activity and the onset of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells, Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, Colonic availability of apple polyphenols: a study in ileostomy subjects, Histone-deacetylase inhibition and butyrate formation: fecal slurry incubations with apple pectin and apple juice extracts, Fresh apples suppress mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity and induce apoptosis in mammary tumors of the Sprague Dawley rat, Effect of selected phytochemicals and apple extracts on NF-B activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, Apple phytochemical extracts inhibit proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells through cell cycle modulation, Effect of apple extracts on NF-{kappa}B activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for apple's anticancer activity, Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2008 statistics update at a glance, Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study, Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease; the Zutphen Elderly Study, Effects of apple consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in elderly subjects, Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nine different fruits in human plasma, Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes, The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids, Efficiency of apples, strawberries, and tomatoes for reduction of oxidative stress in pigs as a model for humans, Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects, Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from Reddened Cv. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). It is speculated that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as reduced intake of dietary antioxidants, are contributing to the rise (51). A laboratory Experiment was carried out to determine the physic-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple varieties under fresh and stored condition, which were determined on October 30, November 30, and December 30. The men were fed a restrictive, antioxidant-poor diet for 48 h followed by the apple challenge. 2.1 Chemical Composition of Apple and Apple Waste. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. Chemical composition of apple juice concentrate Several recent intervention studies have examined the effect of fresh apple consumption on oxidative markers in humans. Other disease-related processes that are reportedly influenced by AP include cell proliferation and tumor production, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, cell differentiation (11), platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial function, among others (12). The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Histone deacylation inhibition is associated with reduced colon carcinogenesis. As summarized below, recent studies demonstrate the potential of AP to mitigate many metabolic processes associated with the etiology of cancer at various stages. A series of recent studies from the laboratory of Shea et al. (55) examined the effect of AP on the presence of asthma diagnosis and symptoms (defined as wheeze) in children in the UK. It has been shown that the estrogen decline associated with menopause is linked to increased production of inflammatory mediators within the bone microenvironment. It has been proposed that an integrated approach incorporating antioxidant capacity values from several different assays in a validated statistical model might provide a more accurate assessment of the relative antioxidant capacity of foods (46). To measure the animal response to dietary . James Kennedy. Composition of apple wastes used as raw materials; comparison of the elemental composition of the materials from the as-received apple waste and from the residue kept in air for 8 days; TGA and DTA curves for the pyrolysis of apple pomace under N 2 at 20 C min -1 . Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. The product can be eaten without fear of pesticides and other harmful impurities. An anthocyanidin-rich fraction from each of the fruit extracts was also tested. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. The effect was mediated by apple phenolics but particularly chlorogenic acid and (+)-catechin (5 mol/L). 3. Although data relating AP intake to reduced risk of asthma are provocative, there are some inconsistent reports. The synthetic mixture of polyphenols also inhibited growth, although less effectively, and isolated components were significantly less effective than either mixture. Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. CardboardChampion 3 yr. ago. Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Hawthorn Although further work needs to be done, it is intriguing that components in AP have the potential to modify genetic profiles in a potentially protective manner. Individual phytochemicals, including rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid, were all effective, with some reconstituted mixtures being more effective than the original, in terms of antioxidant capacity and reducing DNA damage (43). Exploring the chemical composition and coloring qualities of cacao Based on this premise, a study was conducted in Brazil on 49 overweight women with high blood cholesterol levels to determine the effect of fruit intake on blood lipids and body weight (70). A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). The composition of cider as determined by dominant fermentation with pure yeasts : Alwood, William Bradford, 1859-1946 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The chemical composition of apples and cider. Apple cider vinegar is 94% water and 5% acetic acid with 1% carbohydrates and no fat or protein (table). Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). PDF chemical composition of apples In follow-up studies, the same authors examined the effect of isolated fractions on the above markers and concluded that the juice fraction itself was more effective than individual components of juice, including polyphenolic-rich extracts (18). Hydrofluoric acid, 40%. Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. Remote Sensing | Free Full-Text | Quantitative Assessment of Apple Apple juice also attenuated the neurotoxicity of amyloid peptide in vitro (65). Apple cider vinegar - Wikipedia It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Add a Comment. Oxidative stress, known to play a role in the pathogenesis of most diseases, has been the focus of many new studies to determine the effectiveness of AP in an antioxidant capacity. A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). Pigs were fed a prooxidant diet, high in PUFA (linseed oil) with or without concurrent fresh apples for 22 d and then tested for several markers of oxidative damage.